The work on developing the internal organs of the body depends mainly on
energy production systems, so modern training focused on developing energy
production systems by building standardized training programs based on
scientific foundations for training.
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| power production systems |
Without energy production, there will be
no muscle contraction, and then there will be no movement or performance.
Athletic activity There are three chemicals present in the body, namely (ATP)
adenosine triphosphate, (CP) phosphocreatine and the third substance glycogen,
and based on these three substances there are three energy production systems:
- Anaerobic phosphate system.
- Anaerobic lactic acid system.
- Aerobic oxygen system.
Energy production systems differ among themselves in the speed of energy
production, and all of them aim to rebuild adenosine triphosphate (ATP), whose
fission leads to the generation of mechanical energy that works on muscle
contraction and this is accompanied by the generation of thermal energy, but
the amount of (ATP) stored in the muscle is small, not It is sufficient to
continue working for a long time, so it is rebuilt through energy production
systems, and it varies in the speed of its formation. It is returned very
quickly in the anoxic system or in the presence of oxygen. This method is slow
and energy production systems are used according to the type of activity and
physical activity.
1. Anaerobic phosphate system
It is the fastest system to restore (ATP) through a chemical stored in the
muscle called phosphocreatine (CP). Energy is produced in this system in the
absence of oxygen. It is one of the important systems to perform the maximum
work within (15-30) seconds, as the muscle cannot build the substance (ATP). )
When the work period is prolonged in order to run out of substance (c.p) and
the muscles tend to produce energy by the lactic acid system. This system is
evident in the muscle strength (moving, stationary), speed, and ability
(strength characterized by speed) as well as when repeating the performance of
work pieces (speed, strength) With the phosphate energy production system for
several times with incomplete rest periods, it is possible to develop
endurance of speed and endurance of force (anaerobic endurance).
2. Anaerobic Lactic Acid System
It is a system that works without the presence of oxygen, as sugar is
converted into glucose by producing (ATP) to provide energy due to the speed
of motor work. It will produce pyruvic acid, which turns into lactic and the
accumulation of this acid will lead to local muscle fatigue, an amount of
energy can be obtained (3) A mole of (ATP) through the breakdown of (180) g of
glycogen in this system, while an amount of energy (39) mole of (ATP) can be
obtained from the same amount of glycogen in the event of oxygen availability
and the speed of energy production in this system It is slower than the
phosphate system, but it is distinguished by its long working period, which
ranges from (30) seconds to (6) minutes.
There are some physical attributes that fall under this system such as
endurance of speed and endurance of force (fixed and mobile) and it is called
anaerobic endurance, which is the ability to maintain or repeat maximal muscle
contractions depending on the production of anaerobic energy by the lactic
acid system.
3. Aerobic system (oxygen)
Energy is produced in this system through the oxidation of nutrients
(carbohydrates, fats) by the presence of oxygen and as a result of the
presence of oxygen in the air and carbohydrates stored in the body in the form
of glycogen. Energy production can continue in this system for a long time,
but this system is slower in speed Energy production from the two systems
(phosphate, lactic).
important note:
It should be pointed out to a common issue in the sports community that the
body starts first with the anaerobic system, and then the aerobic system. The
enzyme acetylcholine, coenzyme A, enters the enzyme in the citric acid cycle
to produce:
6co2+6h2o+38atp
When saturation occurs in the citric acid cycle, the second (Pyruvic
acid) molecule is transferred for consumption, resulting in 2ATP and lactic
acid. In general, there is no aerobic or anaerobic system 100%.
oxygen debt
It is the amount of oxygen consumed to oxidize the materials resulting from
work during recovery minus the amount of oxygen consumed during rest.
And the capacity of the oxygen debt is used to compare between trained and
untrained individuals. The capacity of the oxygen debt for trained players may
reach 20-22 liters, and for the untrained it ranges between 4-7 liters.
Anaerobic threshold
It is a term given to the level of physical load intensity, after which the
rate of transfer of lactic acid (lactic acid) from the muscles into the blood
increases to a degree that exceeds the rate of excretion in the blood.
The anaerobic threshold for the individual is the highest vital rate at which
the lactic acid concentration (lactic acid) remains stable during training.
Therefore, we see that the development of the maximum oxygen consumption for
the athlete is a necessity, not only for the sake of developing aerobic
capacity, but also for its direct relationship to the anaerobic threshold,
which is the main factor on which the athlete depends on the length of the
competition time. The heart rate ranges at the level of the anaerobic
threshold between 170-180 beats / minute This is an indication for the coach
to ensure that the effect of his training loads is at this level to improve
and develop the player's endurance.
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